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The Lada Niva or VAZ-2121 ((ロシア語:Лада Нива); Niva (''нива'') is the Russian word for "crop field") is an off-road vehicle produced by the Russian (former Soviet) manufacturer AvtoVAZ. It was also marketed as the Lada Sport in Iceland, Lada Taiga in Austria, Bognor Diva in Uruguay, the Lada Cossack in Britain,〔Thompson, Andy. ''Cars of the Soviet Union'' (Haynes Publishing, Somerset, UK, 2008), p.239 caption.〕 and is offered since 2009 on most markets as the Lada 4x4. It was the first mass production off-road vehicle to feature a unibody architecture, independent front suspension with coil springs, and is a predecessor to current crossover SUVs which nearly all follow this format; it inspired the Suzuki Vitara.〔Thompson, p.238.〕 Pickup and emergency van versions are produced by VAZInterService. ==History== The Niva (VAZ-2121) was described by its designers as a “Renault 5 put on a Land Rover chassis.”〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://ranwhenparked.net/2011/10/14/a-quick-look-at-the-lada-niva/ )〕 Development began in 1971, when a team of VAZ designers under Vladimir Solovyev began work on a "civilized" four-wheel drive vehicle.〔Thompson, Andy. ''Cars of the Soviet Union'' (Haynes Publishing, Somerset, UK, 2008), p.180.〕 It was inspired in part by the IZh-14 prototype of 1974.〔Thompson, pp.185-186.〕 It was VAZ's first non-Fiat based model. Much of its mechanicals are carried over from the Fiat 124-based Lada models, though the body, four-wheel drive system, and front suspension were designed by VAZ. The first prototypes appeared in 1971 and 1972, but were rejected as too utilitarian, so doors and hardtop were added; this version debuted in 1973.〔Thompson, p.187.〕 This took inspiration from the VAZ-1101, and was created by designer Valery Pavlovitch.〔 The engine was changed to a from the VAZ-2106, with permanent four-wheel drive and locking differentials.〔 On trials during 1973 and 1974, it showed it could climb a 58° slope or ford of water or of snow.〔 It was approved for production in 1977 as the ''Niva'' (Field).〔 In basic form, the Niva has a carbureted 1.6-litre overhead cam four-cylinder petrol engine producing 54 kW (72 hp) and 126 N·m (93 lb·ft), a four- or five-speed manual transmission, and full-time four-wheel drive. The four-wheel drive system employs three differentials (centre, front and rear). The transfer case involves a high/low range selector lever and a central differential lock lever. Low range can be selected with the centre differential locked or unlocked. The original Niva had a maximum speed of ,〔 and can cruise at while consuming petrol at . Its towing capacity is rated for up to 860 kg (1900 lb). It debuted in Western Europe at the 1978 Paris Motor Salon, and rapidly captured forty percent of Europe's market for four-wheel drive vehicles,〔 making it Lada's top-selling export.〔Thompson, p.caption.〕 Because of export demand, and higher priority for exports, domestic customers faced long waiting lists.〔 A 1.7-litre petrol engine was introduced later in production, as was single-point fuel injection supplied initially by General Motors. Around this time the rear hatch was revised to have a lower opening. Multi-point fuel injection designed by Bosch is used currently since 2004. In some markets a 1.9L Peugeot XUD diesel powered Niva was sold. Coil springs are located at each of the four wheels, and suspension is independent in front, whereas the rear axle is a 5 link live-type, with ratios between 3.90 and 4.30 depending on the model and market. Ground clearance is good at 235 mm (9.25 in) and water 510 mm (20 in) deep can be negotiated. The brakes (disc front, drum rear) are servo-assisted dual-circuit style and the clutch is hydraulic. The turning circle is a relatively low 36.25'. Cargo space is 0.48 m³ (17 ft³), or 1.33 m³ (47 ft³) with the rear seats folded down. A spare tyre is located in the engine bay under the bonnet. The latter feature is considered a useful and practical feature by off-road fans. A soft top version appeared in 1983, bodied by French coachbuilder Wassermann;〔 this was known as the Niva ''Plein Soleil'' (Sunlight).〔Thompson, p.241 caption.〕 In 1985, the transmission was changed to a five-speed; because the transfer case is a separate unit, it remains very noisy and creates excessive vibration.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lada Niva」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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